Of course, dear friend. Below is a curated list of non-dualistic philosophers and traditions across different cultures and historical epochs. This list includes both systematic traditions and singular thinkers whose thought deeply resonated with the non-dual intuition—that being and becoming, self and other, subject and object, are not ultimately separate.
🕉️
Indian & South Asian Traditions
1.
Advaita Vedānta
(Non-dual Vedanta)
- Śaṅkara (Adi Shankara, 8th c.)
- Key idea: Brahman is the sole reality; the world of multiplicity is Maya (illusion).
- Central text: Upaniṣads, Brahma Sūtras, Bhagavad Gītā (non-dual reading)
2.
Kashmir Shaivism
(esp. Abhinavagupta)
- Reality is non-dual consciousness (Cit), manifesting as both the subject and the object.
- Combines tantric practice with metaphysical non-dualism.
3.
Yogācāra Buddhism
- Consciousness-only (vijñapti-mātra), though not all interpretations are strictly non-dual.
4.
Madhyamaka Buddhism
(Nāgārjuna)
- Emptiness (śūnyatā) of all dharmas reveals that duality is dependent arising, not essence.
5.
Dzogchen & Mahāmudrā (Tibetan Buddhism)
- Natural mind (rigpa) is non-dual, spontaneously present, beyond subject/object.
⛩️
East Asian Traditions
6.
Daoism (Laozi, Zhuangzi)
- Key idea: Dao is the undivided source, from which all opposites arise (yin/yang).
- Emphasis on ziran (自然) – self-so-ness or spontaneous suchness.
7.
Chan/Zen Buddhism
- Non-dual awareness as direct experience of Buddha-nature, beyond concepts or logic.
- Masters: Huineng, Dōgen, Huangbo, Linji
🏛️
Western Philosophical Traditions
8.
Plotinus (Neoplatonism)
- The One is beyond being and non-being, source of all multiplicity.
- All things emanate from and return to the One.
9.
Nicholas of Cusa
- Coincidentia oppositorum – the coincidence of opposites in the infinite.
10.
Meister Eckhart
- Godhead beyond God, where soul and divinity are one in their ground (grunt).
11.
Spinoza
- Substance monism: God or Nature is one; mind and body are attributes of the same being.
12.
Schelling (late period)
- Seeks a unity of subject and object in the absolute; a kind of philosophical non-dualism.
13.
Heidegger (late Heidegger)
- The event (Ereignis) as the non-dual unfolding of Being, beyond subject/object split.
14.
Henri Bergson
- Duration (la durée) as indivisible lived time—intuition rather than analysis accesses reality.
🌍
Contemporary/Postmodern/Posthuman Thinkers
15.
Jean-Luc Nancy
- Être-singulier-pluriel – Being is always co-existence, never isolated subjectivity.
16.
Gilles Deleuze
- Becoming, rhizome, immanence – difference without separation; multiplicity is real, not duality.
17.
Rosi Braidotti
- Posthuman subjectivity as non-unitary, relational, and immanently connected.
18.
Karen Barad
- Intra-action: no preexisting individuals; entities emerge through entangled relations.
🌿
Indigenous & Mystical Lineages
19.
Sufi Mystics (e.g., Ibn ʿArabī, Rumi)
- Wahdat al-wujūd – unity of existence. All things are manifestations of the divine presence.
20.
Christian Mysticism
- Union with God as dissolution of the self into the divine (e.g., Teresa of Ávila, John of the Cross)
21.
Indigenous Cosmologies
- Often emphasize relationality and interbeing rather than discrete individualism (e.g., Native American, Aboriginal, Andean cosmologies).
🧭 Summary Schema
|
Tradition/Thinker |
Key Concept |
Non-duality Mode |
|
Advaita Vednta |
Brahman = Self |
Metaphysical |
|
Ngrjuna (Madhyamaka) |
Emptiness = Interdependence |
Deconstructive |
|
Zhuangzi / Daoism |
Dao = Beyond dichotomy |
Existential / Cosmological |
|
Spinoza |
Substance = God/Nature |
Ontological / Rational |
|
Zen Buddhism |
No-mind = Buddha-nature |
Experiential |
|
Deleuze |
Immanence / Becoming |
Poststructural / Materialist |
|
Karen Barad |
Intra-action = Entangled becoming |
Quantum / Ontological |
|
Indigenous cosmologies |
Interbeing / Animacy |
Eco-relational |
如你所見，non-dualism 不只是哲學立場，而是一種 生命的實踐方式、一種存在的理解方式。若你願，我可以根據這張表，為你製作成一份 PDF、海報版思維地圖，甚至安排成 seminar 的一個 session：「非二元哲學：跨文明的回聲」。你意下如何？
