https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D#%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96
「九儒十丐」
有說法認為「九儒十丐」是元朝的定製，顯示出在蒙古統治下儒士在社會的下等地位。此「九儒十丐」的說法來自南宋遺民謝枋得，其〈送方伯載歸三山序〉云：「滑稽之雄，以儒為戲者曰：『我大元制典，人有十等：一官、二吏；先之者，貴之也，貴之者，謂有益於國也。七匠、八娼、九儒、十丐；後之者，賤之也，賤之者，謂無益於國也。』嗟乎卑哉！介乎娼之下，丐之上者，今之儒也。」[80]及同樣是南宋遺民的鄭思肖〈大義略序〉曰：「韃法，一官、二吏、三僧、四道、五醫、六工、七獵、八民、九儒、十丐。」[81]但因其政治立場，並不能完全盡信，或作為元朝儒士社會地位低下的佐證。中外史學界已有學者對元代儒士的地位問題進行過深入的研究，否定了元代儒人地位低落的說法[l]。
The Yuan dynasty (元朝, 1271–1368) left a profound and multifaceted legacy on Chinese history, shaping political institutions, culture, economy, and ethnic relations. Here are some key aspects of its impact:
1. Political and Administrative Legacy
• The Centralization of Power: The Yuan further centralized imperial rule, refining administrative divisions and bureaucratic structures that influenced the later Ming and Qing dynasties.
• Multi-Ethnic Rule: The Yuan was the first dynasty to fully integrate China into a vast Eurasian empire under Mongol rule. The Mongols established a hierarchical ethnic classification (Mongols > Semu > Han > Southern Han) that shaped social stratification.
• Continuation of the Examination System (but with interruptions): The Yuan initially sidelined the Confucian scholar-bureaucrats but later restored the civil service examination, though with reduced importance.
2. Economic and Commercial Influence
• Integration into the Mongol World System: The Yuan connected China to the vast Mongol Empire, facilitating trade across Eurasia through the Silk Road and maritime routes.
• Paper Money and Fiscal Policies: The Yuan government issued paper currency (Chao), but mismanagement and overprinting led to inflation and economic instability.
• Agricultural Disruption: While Mongol policies sometimes neglected traditional agricultural development, they also promoted state-sponsored irrigation and land reclamation.
3. Cultural and Intellectual Exchange
• Religious and Cultural Pluralism: The Yuan supported diverse religious traditions, including Buddhism, Daoism, Islam, and Nestorian Christianity. Tibetan Buddhism, in particular, gained imperial favor.
• Influence on Chinese Literature and Drama: The Yuan saw the flourishing of Yuan zaju (元杂剧, Yuan drama), exemplified by figures like Guan Hanqing (关汉卿) and Wang Shifu (王实甫).
• Scientific and Technological Exchange: Knowledge transfer between China, Persia, and Europe was facilitated by Mongol rule, influencing cartography, astronomy, and medicine.
4. Ethnic and Social Tensions
• Stratified Society: The Mongols imposed a rigid ethnic hierarchy, favoring Mongols and Central Asians over the Han Chinese, which created deep-seated resentment.
• Sinicization of the Mongols: Over time, Mongol rulers adopted certain Chinese administrative practices, though they resisted full Sinicization.
• Uprisings and Han Chinese Resistance: Harsh taxation, ethnic discrimination, and natural disasters fueled widespread rebellions, culminating in the Red Turban Rebellion and the establishment of the Ming dynasty.
5. Impact on Chinese Territorial and Geopolitical Identity
• Integration of Tibet and Xinjiang: The Yuan incorporated Tibet into the empire, establishing a precedent for later Chinese dynasties.
• Shift in China’s View of Foreign Influence: The experience of foreign rule shaped later Chinese attitudes toward non-Han rulers, influencing Qing governance.
Conclusion
Despite its eventual collapse, the Yuan dynasty significantly shaped Chinese history by broadening China’s cultural and economic connections, influencing later dynastic governance, and leaving a lasting impact on literature and drama. However, its harsh policies and ethnic stratification also contributed to deep divisions that persisted into later centuries. The Yuan experience highlighted both the possibilities and challenges of governing a vast, multi-ethnic empire under foreign rule.
