N vs V，最大的問題在於，為什麼，憑什麼，生命還有希望？但是，弔詭的是，就如悲劇，未必比喜劇深刻，死亡未必，比起生命，更為深刻，你要理解，上述兩個未必，是客氣話，我是相信喜劇比悲劇深刻的，同理，我相信死亡是必然，生命是意外，但是，死亡無趣乏味，生命才是趣味，我說過很多次，對於一個人，一個作品，我能想到，最大的恭維，就是，這是一個有趣的人，這是一個有趣的作品，意思是說，唯其有趣，所以超越了乏味，戲謔了死亡，意思是說，悲劇只是說明，希望是不可能的，但是喜劇證明了，希望居然，還是可能的，這是為什麼我說，生命，或喜劇，是意外的原因，
Negativity vs Vitality，eqauls，Thanatos vs Eros，Necrophilia vs Biophilia，所以，我們必須回到佛洛依德的 dual drive theory （Beyond the pleasure principle, 1920) ，重新想，佛洛姆當年想過的事情，
We shall argue, based on the ideas formulated in Beyond the Pleasure Principle and in later metapsychological texts, that Freud could not wholly justify the existence of an opposition and a symmetry between the two classes of instincts. Even though up to his last works Freud held on to this instinctual dualism, again and again his arguments lead to the idea that the life instincts should be regarded, ultimately, as death instincts. （Fátima Caropreso and Richard Simanke, 2008)
In Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Freud (1920) introduced his second instinctual dualism hypothesis. Until then he had argued for the existence of a duality of self-preservation and sexual instincts. This duality had been challenged for some time, mainly since he articulated the concept of narcissism. In 1920, sexual and self-preservation instincts once and for all become part of the same type of instinct — the life instinct. And then Freud established another opposition — the life instinct and the death instinct.
Our intention in this article is to take up the arguments Freud developed in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, specifically arguments concerning the notions of the life and death instincts. We shall then examine some ideas developed in subsequent metapsychological texts. We argue that, if one keeps in mind the development of Freud's metapsychological theory beginning with his Project for a Scientific Psychology (Freud, 1895), the death instinct, rather than being a new and extra-theoretical idea, given Freud's work up to then, seems to be something that, one way or another, makes explicit what was implicit in all his previous theoretical work. Put another way, the death instinct is a concept that fulfills an internal need in psychoanalytic metapsychology as it had been presented from the beginning.
To put it another way: when one thinks about the theses developed in Beyond the Pleasure Principle and in other metapsychological works, it is hard to avoid the impression that for Freud a tendency toward death lies behind all vital phenomena, including those that seem to work to preserve life.
