Throughout the last two centuries, Schelling has had a significant influence on a variety of philosophers, particularly those interested in existentialism, phenomenology, psychoanalysis, metaphysics, and even modern ecological and postmodern thought. His emphasis on freedom, the unconscious, nature, and the dynamic nature of Being has resonated with many thinkers. Below is a list of key philosophers and intellectual movements that have seriously studied and been influenced by Schelling:
### 1. **Friedrich Nietzsche**
- **Influence**: Nietzsche was influenced by Schelling’s ideas about the **unconscious** and the **creative, dynamic forces** of nature. Schelling’s view that the **irrational** is an essential part of human freedom, and his critique of rigid rationalism, foreshadowed Nietzsche’s rejection of traditional metaphysics and his embrace of **life-affirmation**, **will to power**, and **Dionysian chaos**.
- **Key Connections**: Nietzsche’s emphasis on **becoming** over static Being and his critique of systems that impose a rational order on reality resonate with Schelling’s notion of a dark, irrational ground underlying existence.
### 2. **Søren Kierkegaard**
- **Influence**: Kierkegaard was influenced by Schelling’s exploration of **freedom**, the **existential struggle**, and the relationship between **good and evil**. Schelling’s existential approach to freedom, particularly the idea that freedom involves a choice between good and evil, resonates with Kierkegaard’s own work on the **leap of faith** and **individual responsibility**.
- **Key Connections**: Kierkegaard’s **existentialism**—his focus on the **individual’s subjective experience** and the anxiety that comes with freedom—reflects Schelling’s existential understanding of human freedom as a tension between light and darkness, good and evil.
### 3. **Karl Marx**
- **Influence**: Though Marx is not directly associated with Schelling, some scholars argue that Schelling’s **philosophy of nature** and his emphasis on **dynamic processes** influenced Marx’s early writings, particularly in his reflections on **human nature** and **alienation**. Marx's early engagement with German Idealism, especially through figures like Hegel and Feuerbach, brought him into indirect contact with Schelling’s ideas.
- **Key Connections**: Marx’s concept of **alienation** and his critique of mechanistic views of humanity may have been shaped by Schelling’s idea that nature and human beings are **living, dynamic processes**, not reducible to mere materialism.
### 4. **Martin Heidegger**
- **Influence**: Heidegger’s relationship with Schelling is explicit, especially in his 1936 lecture series on Schelling’s *Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom*. Schelling’s metaphysical ideas about the **ground of Being**, the **unconscious**, and the **tension between freedom and necessity** were foundational for Heidegger’s exploration of **Being** (*Sein*) and his concept of **existential freedom**.
- **Key Connections**: Heidegger’s notions of **Being as becoming**, **freedom**, and **concealment and unconcealment** in the process of Being can be traced back to Schelling’s ideas about the dynamic, processual nature of existence. Schelling’s emphasis on **nature** and its metaphysical depth also prefigures Heidegger’s critique of modern technology and **enframing**.
### 5. **Jean-Paul Sartre**
- **Influence**: Sartre’s existentialism, particularly his exploration of **freedom**, **nothingness**, and the **existential choice between good and evil**, shares key elements with Schelling’s philosophy. Though Sartre’s engagement with Schelling is not direct, the themes in Schelling’s work on the **irrational ground of Being** and the **tragic dimension of human freedom** anticipate some of Sartre’s ideas.
- **Key Connections**: Sartre’s notion of **radical freedom**, where human beings are condemned to be free and must define their essence through choices, echoes Schelling’s view that freedom is a fundamental aspect of human existence, tied to an indeterminate, chaotic ground.
### 6. **Carl Jung**
- **Influence**: Jung was directly influenced by Schelling’s ideas about the **unconscious**, particularly the view that the unconscious is not just a personal repository of repressed desires but a **cosmic, metaphysical force** that shapes both nature and the individual psyche. Schelling’s idea that both creativity and evil arise from the **unconscious ground of Being** played a significant role in the development of Jung’s concepts of the **collective unconscious** and the **shadow**.
- **Key Connections**: Schelling’s exploration of the **irrational**, the **unconscious**, and the **creative forces** at work in both nature and human beings parallels Jung’s theory that the **unconscious** contains both **destructive** and **creative** potentials. Jung’s concept of the **archetypes** and the **individuation process** reflects Schelling’s metaphysical views of human freedom and self-development.
### 7. **Jacques Lacan**
- **Influence**: Although Lacan was primarily influenced by Freud, he was also indirectly influenced by Schelling, especially through German Idealism and its explorations of the **unconscious**. Schelling’s view of the **unconscious as both a creative and destructive force** prefigures some of Lacan’s ideas about **desire, lack**, and the **unconscious as structured by language**.
- **Key Connections**: Lacan’s idea that **desire** is grounded in **lack** and that the unconscious is driven by forces that are not fully rational echoes Schelling’s ideas about the unconscious ground of Being, which is both creative and irrational.
### 8. **Maurice Merleau-Ponty**
- **Influence**: Merleau-Ponty was influenced by Schelling’s **philosophy of nature** and his idea that **Being** is dynamic and processual. Schelling’s notion of **nature as a living, self-organizing process** is reflected in Merleau-Ponty’s emphasis on the **primacy of perception** and the **interconnectedness of the body and the world**. Merleau-Ponty’s **phenomenology** of nature draws on Schelling’s view that nature is not a static object but a **living force** with its own internal principles.
- **Key Connections**: Merleau-Ponty’s idea of the **intertwining of subject and object** and his critique of Cartesian dualism echo Schelling’s rejection of a strict division between nature and spirit. Both thinkers emphasize the **creative forces** at work in the **natural world**.
### 9. **Slavoj Žižek**
- **Influence**: Žižek has extensively engaged with German Idealism, particularly Hegel and Schelling. He draws on Schelling’s **philosophy of freedom** and his exploration of the **irrational ground of existence**. Žižek’s notion of the **“parallax gap”**, where contradictions cannot be resolved into a higher unity, resonates with Schelling’s idea that the Absolute contains **irreducible tensions**.
- **Key Connections**: Žižek’s work on **ideology** and the **unconscious** draws on Schelling’s view of the **unconscious as a force of both creation and destruction**. Žižek also engages with Schelling’s critique of rational systems, which parallels Žižek’s critique of totalizing ideologies.
### 10. **The Frankfurt School (Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer)**
- **Influence**: Members of the **Frankfurt School**, especially Theodor Adorno, were influenced by Schelling’s critique of **Hegelian totality** and his emphasis on the **non-identity** of Being. Adorno’s concept of **negative dialectics**, which resists the subsumption of contradictions into a rational unity, reflects Schelling’s skepticism toward Hegelian rationalism and his focus on the **dynamic, unresolved nature** of reality.
- **Key Connections**: Adorno’s critique of **instrumental reason** and his emphasis on the **dialectic of Enlightenment**—where reason becomes complicit in domination—echo Schelling’s concern with the limitations of reason and his belief in the importance of **non-rational forces** in the development of freedom.
### 11. **Gilles Deleuze**
- **Influence**: Although Deleuze did not explicitly engage with Schelling, his philosophy shares important resonances with Schelling’s ideas about **nature, becoming**, and the **creative power of the unconscious**. Both thinkers reject static conceptions of Being and emphasize the **processual, dynamic nature of reality**. Deleuze’s notion of **immanence** and his focus on **creative forces** in nature and life echo Schelling’s ideas.
- **Key Connections**: Deleuze’s philosophy of **difference**, **multiplicity**, and the rejection of a unified totality resonates with Schelling’s rejection of **systematic closure** and his emphasis on the **irreducibility of tensions** in the Absolute.
### Conclusion
Schelling’s influence extends across a wide range of philosophical traditions, including **existentialism**, **phenomenology**, **psy
很有趣，他又睡著了，所以我再問一次，
Throughout the past two centuries, several philosophers have studied Schelling seriously and were influenced by his ideas. Here are some of the key figures:
### 1. **Friedrich Nietzsche**
- **Influence**: Schelling’s views on the **unconscious**, the **dynamic forces of nature**, and the role of **irrationality** influenced Nietzsche’s critiques of traditional metaphysics and rationalism. Nietzsche's ideas about the **will to power** and **Dionysian chaos** resonate with Schelling’s notions of the irrational ground of existence.
### 2. **Søren Kierkegaard**
- **Influence**: Kierkegaard was influenced by Schelling’s existential approach to **freedom**, especially the choice between **good and evil**. Kierkegaard’s concepts of the **leap of faith** and individual responsibility align with Schelling’s views on existential freedom.
### 3. **Karl Marx**
- **Influence**: Though indirect, Schelling’s dynamic view of **nature** and his rejection of mechanistic materialism influenced early Marxist ideas, particularly around **alienation** and the **living process** of human existence.
### 4. **Martin Heidegger**
- **Influence**: Heidegger studied Schelling deeply, especially in his 1936 lecture on Schelling’s *Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom*. Schelling’s ideas about the **ground of Being** and **freedom** shaped Heidegger’s own exploration of **Being**, **freedom**, and the **unconscious**.
### 5. **Jean-Paul Sartre**
- **Influence**: Schelling’s ideas about **radical freedom** and the tension between **good and evil** influenced existentialist themes in Sartre’s work, particularly his concept of **radical freedom** and the individual's struggle to define themselves.
### 6. **Carl Jung**
- **Influence**: Schelling’s metaphysical ideas about the **unconscious** as both **creative and destructive** informed Jung’s work on the **collective unconscious** and the **shadow**, which explores the darker, repressed aspects of the psyche.
### 7. **Jacques Lacan**
- **Influence**: Lacan’s work on the **unconscious** and **desire** has roots in Schelling’s notion of the **unconscious ground** of Being, where creative and destructive forces coexist. Lacan’s emphasis on the irrational aspects of human psychology aligns with Schelling’s focus on the unconscious.
### 8. **Maurice Merleau-Ponty**
- **Influence**: Schelling’s **philosophy of nature** influenced Merleau-Ponty’s views on **embodiment** and the **interconnectedness** of the human body and the natural world. Both emphasized the **dynamic** and **living** aspects of nature.
### 9. **Slavoj Žižek**
- **Influence**: Žižek has engaged with Schelling’s ideas about **freedom**, the **unconscious**, and the **paradoxical nature of Being**. Žižek’s concept of the **parallax gap** reflects Schelling’s emphasis on irreducible tensions in reality.
### 10. **Theodor Adorno**
- **Influence**: Adorno was influenced by Schelling’s critique of Hegelian rationalism and totality. Adorno’s **negative dialectics** and his critique of **instrumental reason** are informed by Schelling’s skepticism about the limits of rationality and the importance of non-rational forces.
### 11. **Gilles Deleuze**
- **Influence**: While Deleuze did not directly engage with Schelling, their ideas converge around the **dynamic**, **processual nature of Being**, and the rejection of static systems. Schelling’s notion of the **creative unconscious** parallels Deleuze’s focus on **immanence** and **creative forces**.
Schelling’s ideas have been foundational across a wide range of philosophical traditions, from **existentialism** to **phenomenology**, **psychoanalysis**, and **postmodernism**, influencing both **metaphysical** and **existential** explorations of freedom, nature, and the unconscious.
