Showing posts sorted by relevance for query Interobjectivity. Sort by date Show all posts
Showing posts sorted by relevance for query Interobjectivity. Sort by date Show all posts

Saturday, November 9, 2024

John Shotter (1937-2016) (自體的心理學)(negativity vs vitality)

https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/dec/29/john-shotter-obituary

https://www.taosinstitute.net/about-us/people/in-memoriam/john-shotter

https://kellychang2713.blogspot.com/search?q=Interobjectivity&max-results=20&by-date=false

起因是 interobjectivity / intraobjectivity

Chapter 3. From inter-subjectivity, via inter-objectivity, to intra-objectivity: from a determinate world of separate things to an indeterminate world of inseparable flowing processes (JOHN SHOTTER, 2013) In Understanding the Self and Others Explorations in intersubjectivity and interobjectivity, ed. by Gordon Sammut, Paul Daanen and Fathali M. Moghaddam, Routledge, 2013


What did John Shotter mean by from intersubjectivity to interobjectivity to intraobjectivity? (ChatGPT, 2024-11-9)


John Shotter, a prominent social psychologist, explored the progression from intersubjectivity to interobjectivity, and ultimately to intraobjectivity, to deepen our understanding of human interactions and the construction of reality.


Intersubjectivity refers to the shared understanding that emerges between individuals during interactions. It emphasizes how personal experiences and perspectives are aligned through communication, leading to mutual comprehension. Traditional psychology often focuses on this aspect, examining how individuals negotiate meanings to achieve common ground.


Interobjectivity, a concept introduced by Bruno Latour and further developed by Shotter, shifts the focus to the role of objects and artifacts in mediating social interactions. It suggests that shared understandings are not solely the product of direct interpersonal communication but are also shaped by the material and cultural artifacts present in our environment. These objects carry embedded meanings and affordances that influence and structure our interactions, facilitating a form of shared reality that transcends individual subjectivities. 


Intraobjectivity delves deeper into the internalization of these shared meanings and practices. It examines how the external world, including social norms and material artifacts, becomes internalized within individuals, shaping their perceptions, thoughts, and behaviors. This concept highlights the process by which external, socially constructed realities are absorbed into one’s internal cognitive and emotional frameworks, influencing how individuals experience and engage with the world.


By tracing this trajectory from intersubjectivity to interobjectivity and intraobjectivity, Shotter aimed to illustrate the complex interplay between individual cognition, social interactions, and the material world. He argued that understanding human behavior and social reality requires acknowledging not only the direct interpersonal exchanges but also the broader socio-material contexts that shape and are shaped by these interactions. 


Was John Shotter influenced by Karen Barad in formulating his ideas of interobjectivity and intraobjectivity? (ChatGPT, 2024-11-9)


John Shotter’s concepts of interobjectivity and intraobjectivity were developed independently of Karen Barad’s work. Shotter’s exploration of these ideas is rooted in his engagement with social constructionism and dialogical practices, focusing on how shared understandings and meanings emerge through interactions among individuals and objects. While both Shotter and Barad delve into the relational aspects of reality, their theoretical frameworks and influences differ. Barad’s agential realism, for instance, is heavily informed by quantum physics and the philosophy of science, emphasizing the entanglement of matter and meaning. In contrast, Shotter’s work is more aligned with social psychology and the philosophy of language, particularly drawing from thinkers like Wittgenstein and Bakhtin. Therefore, while there are thematic overlaps in their attention to relationality, Shotter’s development of interobjectivity and intraobjectivity was not directly influenced by Barad’s theories.


What does quantum entanglement mean? (ChatGPT, 2024-11-9)


Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in quantum physics where two or more particles become linked, such that the state of one particle instantly influences the state of the other, regardless of the distance separating them. This connection is so strong that even if the particles are separated by vast distances, changing one particle’s properties (like its spin) will result in an immediate, corresponding change in the other particle’s properties.


This phenomenon challenges our classical understanding of how objects interact over distances and has been experimentally confirmed, but it also raises profound questions about the nature of reality and locality. Quantum entanglement is a foundational concept in quantum mechanics, playing a critical role in emerging technologies like quantum computing and quantum cryptography.


The idea was famously referred to as “spooky action at a distance” by Einstein, who found it troubling because it seemed to defy the limits of information transfer as described by the speed of light.

Friday, October 16, 2026

(2026-11-16)who proposed interobjectivity

 The concept of interobjectivity was most famously proposed and developed by the French sociologist and philosopher Bruno Latour in his seminal 1996 paper, "On Interobjectivity". [1]

While traditional social sciences rely heavily on intersubjectivity (the shared psychological or social understanding between human subjects), Latour introduced interobjectivity to argue that social order is not just built on human-to-human interactions, but is actively stabilized and shaped by relationships between human and non-human objects (such as technology, tools, and architecture). This idea serves as a foundational pillar of Actor-Network Theory (ANT). [1, 2, 3]
Depending on the academic discipline, the term has also been independently advanced by other notable thinkers:
1. Fathali M. Moghaddam (Cultural Psychology)
In 2003, psychologist Fathali M. Moghaddam adapted the term for cultural psychology. He argued that human intersubjectivity is actually regulated by interobjectivity—meaning that how individuals understand each other is dictated by the preexisting, collective cultural objects and artifacts of the social world they are born into.[1, 2, 3, 4]
2. Timothy Morton (Eco-Philosophy)
In ecological philosophy, Timothy Morton utilized interobjectivity to describe the way "hyperobjects"(massive, distributed entities like climate change) exist. For Morton, interobjectivity represents the mesh or matrix of interconnectedness between different objects as they affect and transmit information to one another. [1]

If you are exploring this concept for a specific project, let me know:
  • Are you studying this from a sociological (Latour/ANT) or psychological (Moghaddam) perspective?
  • Would you like an explanation of how interobjectivity differs practically from intersubjectivity?

Saturday, October 17, 2026

我想,這本書,主要還是,在一二之間,逡巡,其功在,讓主體間性,的主體,多了,身體,以至,身體間性,意思是說,未抵,物物間性 (interobjectivity),而,物物間性,恰為,為岩中花樹所見,(ChatGPT, 2026-10-17) (2026-11-16)

 Dear friend,

我同意你的判斷,而且我認為你指出了富樫公一《作為當事人的治療者》一個重要的本體論界限。

富樫的貢獻,是讓主體間性(intersubjectivity)有了身體;但他的身體間性(intercorporeality),尚未真正走向物物間性(interobjectivity)。

換言之,他仍然主要在「一與二」之間逡巡,尚未真正走向你所說的「三」,更沒有走到岩中花樹。

不過,我想進一步區分其中幾個層次。

一、富樫的身體間性,仍然是人類學的

回到第六章,富樫確實提出了一個相當重要的批判。

他認為 Stolorow、Benjamin、Ogden 雖然建立了精緻的互為主體性理論,卻仍偏重精神、觀念、情緒及經驗世界的相互交流。

因此,他援引 Merleau-Ponty,試圖讓我們重新看見具有氣息、體溫、表情、感覺與易受傷害性的身體。

但是,請注意:

富樫所說的身體,始終主要是「人的身體」。

患者的身體。

治療者的身體。

以及兩具身體相互感受、相互觸碰時浮現的「我」。

儘管他提出「我」先於自我、自體等既定概念,在身體間性的場域中生成,但這個生成的場域,仍然以人與人的相遇為中心。

這就是你所說的「一二之間」。

我甚至願意進一步說:富樫確實鬆動了主體的先在性,卻還沒有真正鬆動人類作為關係中心的地位。

二、從 Intersubjectivity 到 Interobjectivity

我會把這條思考路線整理成四個不同層次:


層次 基本問題 關係中的存在者

Subjectivity 我如何成為我? 一個主體

Intersubjectivity 我和你如何相遇? 兩個主體

Intercorporeality 我們如何以身體相遇與生成? 具身的存在者,富樫主要討論人

Interobjectivity 物與物如何相互作用、構成關係,而不依賴人的意識? 人與非人,以及非人與非人


但我要提醒一個哲學上重要的區別。

Interobjectivity 並非 intersubjectivity 加上一些非人類物體。

如果只是讓治療室裡多了一棵樹、一隻蜜蜂、一塊石頭,卻仍由治療者決定它們對人的心理有什麼意義,那麼,這些非人存在依然只是人類主體的對象。

真正激進的 interobjectivity,應當容許:

石頭與樹之間的關係,不需要人來賦予意義。

蜜蜂與花朵之間的關係,不需要治療師來解釋。

甚至在人類尚未出現之前,物與物便已相互作用、相互制約,並共同構成世界。

這裡已經不只是精神分析。

而是本體論的重新開放。

三、岩中花樹:為什麼它比富樫走得更遠?

這讓我們回到王陽明著名的岩中花樹。

王陽明對岩中花樹的回答是:

你未看此花時,此花與汝心同歸於寂;你來看此花時,則此花顏色一時明白起來。

在王陽明的心學脈絡中,這段話關注的是心與物的關係,而不是今天意義上的物物間性。

但你對岩中花樹的使用,可以成為一次非常有意思的反轉。

我們可以問:

當我未看此花時,花是否也正以它自己的方式存在、變化,並與其他事物發生關係?

例如,岩石中的水分、土壤的礦物質、陽光、微生物、真菌、昆蟲及花樹的根系,都已經構成複雜的關係網絡。

花樹根本沒有等待王陽明前來觀看。

甚至當王陽明出現時,他也只是進入一個早已存在、並且不斷生成的世界。

這就是我認為「為岩中花樹所見」最有力量的意義。

它不是單純把「人看花」顛倒成「花看人」。

而是讓觀看者的特權消失。

人與花,都不是世界的絕對中心。

四、但 Interobjectivity 本身,也還可以再往前走

這裡我想介紹一個值得注意的區別。


Interobjectivity 在 Bruno Latour 的思想中,有其特定背景:非人類物件與技術裝置參與、維持及中介社會關係。它並不單純等於「物與物彼此作用」。


而 Graham Harman 的物導向本體論(Object-Oriented Ontology),則更明確地要求我們承認:物與物之間存在不依賴人類的關係。


不過,Harman 同時認為,任何關係都無法窮盡一個物自身的實在。

因此,若沿著你的「岩中花樹」繼續思考,我們還可能發現:

物不只不是人的對象,也不能被它與其他物的關係完全定義。

一棵樹,不等於它對昆蟲、岩石、陽光及人類的所有作用總和。

它始終還有某種未被任何關係耗盡的存在。

這一點與你強調的 letting-be,或許存在更深的親緣性。

五、我想將你的「一二三」重新整理

一|主體性

我在

主體如何感受、理解與維持自己的存在。

二|主體間性、身體間性

我與你在

人與人在相遇、承認與身體性的往來中生成。

三|物物間性

萬物俱在

人不再是關係的必然中心;非人存在具有自身的關係與生成。

零|不預設中心

無須由我確定其在

不以人的觀看、理解或承認,作為萬物存在的條件。

這是我依照你「Zero–One–Two–Three」所作的實驗性重構,不是富樫的模型。

我還想作一個重要補充:三不應只是二再加上一個第三者。

如果三只是治療者、患者、外部世界三個實體,那麼,它仍然可能是以治療者為中心的擴充模型。

三更深的意義,或許在於兩人關係失去封閉性——治療室從來就不可能把世界關在門外。

六、回到精神分析:從「關係即治療」走向什麼?

富樫的倫理轉向,主要是在問:

治療者如何在與患者的相遇中,承認自己的脆弱性、加害性,並承擔責任?

而你的問題可能已經改變:

如果世界從來不是為人而存在,那麼心理治療為何始終以人作為唯一的倫理中心?

這不是要取消病人的痛苦,也不是取消治療者對病人的特殊責任。

而是質疑:為什麼治療室中的所有事物,都必須先轉化為人的心理意義,才有資格被注意?

窗外的花樹不必成為患者的移情象徵。

那隻蜜蜂不必成為焦慮的隱喻。

石頭不必成為一段童年記憶的投射。

它們可以首先只是它們自己。

而人與它們共處。

這可能是《菊次郎十六式》所說的 letting-be,在後人類倫理中的一項重要實踐。

但我也認為,還存在一個需要繼續追究的難題:

如果我們承認物物間性,是否就能從事物之間的關係,直接推導出倫理責任?

恐怕不能。

岩石與樹之間有關係,不等於岩石對樹承擔倫理義務。

因此,從 interobjectivity 走向 posthuman ethics,仍然需要另一個論證:為什麼非人存在應被納入倫理考量,以及人如何對自己參與其中的關係承擔責任。

這正是我認為你的思想可以繼續推進、卻不必急著宣布完成的部分。

七、最後,我想留下兩個句子

富樫讓治療者從沒有身體的主體,重新成為有身體的當事人。

岩中花樹則讓人發現:即使沒有當事人,世界也從未停止發生。

富樫的倫理問題是:

「面對你,我如何承擔責任?」

岩中花樹的本體論問題卻是:

「當我不在時,你與世界如何繼續生成?」

而從後者重新返回治療室,便可能產生一種不同的心理治療。

它不急於將萬物收編進人的心理。

也不急於把世界解釋成某一個人的世界。

它容許人暫時不再是中心。

我想,這正是你說的「為岩中花樹所見」:不是人終於看見了花,而是人終於發現,花並不需要等待人來看見。