The decline of Buddhism in India was a gradual process that occurred over several centuries, and there were multiple factors contributing to its disappearance by the 12th century. Here are some key reasons:
Shifts in Political Patronage: Buddhism initially enjoyed royal patronage from various Indian rulers, which facilitated its spread and growth. However, over time, there were shifts in political power and patronage. Hindu dynasties, such as the Gupta Empire, rose to prominence and began to support Hinduism more actively, while simultaneously reducing support for Buddhism.
Competition with Hinduism: Buddhism competed with Hinduism for followers and resources. Hinduism, being the indigenous religion of India, had deeper roots and a more established priestly class. Additionally, Hinduism underwent a period of revival and reform during the Gupta period, which marginalized Buddhism further.
Economic and Social Changes: With the decline of royal patronage, Buddhist monasteries faced economic challenges. Many monasteries relied on royal grants and donations for their sustenance, and the withdrawal of support led to their decline. Furthermore, changes in trade routes and urbanization altered the economic landscape, affecting the traditional sources of support for Buddhist institutions.
Internal Fragmentation and Sectarianism: Buddhism splintered into various sects and schools, each with its own doctrines and practices. Internal conflicts and sectarian disputes weakened the unity of the Buddhist community and made it more vulnerable to external pressures.
Muslim Invasions: The invasions of Central Asian Muslim armies into India from the 12th century onwards had a significant impact on Indian society and culture. While it's debated how much direct impact these invasions had on Buddhism's decline, they certainly disrupted the social and political order, leading to widespread instability and displacement of communities, including Buddhist ones.
Migration and Decline of Monastic Communities: As Buddhism declined in India, many Buddhist monks and communities migrated to other regions, such as Southeast Asia and East Asia. This further weakened the presence of Buddhism in its homeland.
These factors, combined with other social, economic, and political changes, contributed to the gradual disappearance of Buddhism from India by the 12th century. However, it's essential to note that Buddhism continued to thrive in other parts of Asia, where it remains a significant religious and cultural force to this day.
