不忍傷生，不忍害生，不忍殺生，就是守生，就是護生，就是愛生，就是 vitality，就是對生命說，能走多遠，就走多遠，
Tuesday, July 2, 2024
What’s cosmic web, and how does it help to explain the formation of large scale structures of the cosmos? （ChatGPT, 2024-7-2)
The cosmic web is a vast, intricate network of matter that makes up the large-scale structure of the universe. It consists of interconnected filaments of dark matter and gas, along with galaxies and clusters of galaxies. The cosmic web forms the skeleton of the cosmos, linking dense regions of matter with vast, empty voids in between.
The formation of the cosmic web and large-scale structures can be understood through the following points:
1. **Dark Matter**: Dark matter plays a crucial role in the formation of the cosmic web. It provides the gravitational framework that attracts ordinary matter (baryonic matter) to form galaxies and clusters. Dark matter clumps under its own gravity, forming the initial structures in the universe.
2. **Cosmic Inflation**: In the early universe, during the period of cosmic inflation, tiny quantum fluctuations were stretched to macroscopic scales. These fluctuations seeded the density variations in the universe.
3. **Gravitational Attraction**: Over billions of years, regions with slightly higher density began to attract more matter due to gravity, leading to the growth of structures. This process, known as hierarchical clustering, results in smaller structures merging to form larger ones, like galaxies forming clusters and superclusters.
4. **Gas Dynamics**: Along the filaments of the cosmic web, gas flows towards denser regions. This process leads to the formation of galaxies along these filaments, which are then connected by the web.
5. **Observations and Simulations**: Observations, such as those from large-scale galaxy surveys and the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation, along with computer simulations, support the existence and structure of the cosmic web. These tools show how galaxies are not randomly distributed but are organized into a web-like pattern.
In summary, the cosmic web is the large-scale structure of the universe, formed by dark matter and ordinary matter through gravitational interactions and the initial conditions set by cosmic inflation. It explains the distribution and arrangement of galaxies, clusters, and voids, providing a comprehensive picture of the universe's structure.
Why are there binary stars, is it because of gravity equilibrium? （ChatGPT, 2024-7-2)
Binary stars form due to gravitational interactions and the dynamics of stellar formation. During the collapse of a gas cloud, which forms stars, the cloud can fragment into multiple cores due to instabilities. Each core can form a star, and if these stars are close enough, their mutual gravitational attraction causes them to orbit each other, creating a binary star system.
The concept of gravitational equilibrium plays a role in the stable orbit of the binary stars. Each star's gravity pulls on the other, and they find a balance in their mutual orbits. This equilibrium prevents them from colliding or drifting apart, maintaining the binary system. However, the formation of binary stars is more about the initial conditions in the molecular cloud and the dynamics of their formation rather than just reaching gravitational equilibrium.
7/2/24（星期二）
一 r/o migraine；情緒之脆斷，意志之坍塌；退信箱 （x)；水代表生命；尚未處理，八月備課，N vs V ppt；6/21 出席單，尚未收到 (x)；門診患者，該結則結；夢是唯一的真實；臘月嘔吐；傢俱線條宜簡單；阿賴耶識，是宇宙的潛意識 (cosmic unconsciousness)；精神分析的潛意識，是你我短暫一生，雞毛蒜皮，拖泥帶水；榮格的集體潛意識 (collective unconsciousness)，是你我二百萬年的共業；還好只搞了二百萬年，與宇宙一百三十億年相較，畢竟仍是，雞毛蒜皮；
Monday, July 1, 2024
Marcel Proust (1871-1922)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Proust
Bibliography
Novels
- In Search of Lost Time (À la recherche du temps perdu published in seven volumes, previously translated as Remembrance of Things Past) (1913–1927)
- Swann's Way (Du côté de chez Swann, sometimes translated as The Way by Swann's) (1913)
- In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower (À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs, also translated as Within a Budding Grove) (1919)
- The Guermantes Way (Le Côté de Guermantes originally published in two volumes) (1920–1921)
- Sodom and Gomorrah (Sodome et Gomorrhe originally published in two volumes, sometimes translated as Cities of the Plain) (1921–1922)
- The Prisoner (La Prisonnière, also translated as The Captive) (1923)
- The Fugitive (Albertine disparue, also titled La Fugitive, sometimes translated as The Sweet Cheat Gone or Albertine Gone) (1925)
- Time Regained (Le Temps retrouvé, also translated as Finding Time Againand The Past Recaptured) translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff (1927)
- Jean Santeuil (1896–1900, unfinished novel in three volumes published posthumously – 1952)
Short story collections
- Early Stories (short stories published posthumously)
- Pleasures and Days (Les plaisirs et les jours; illustrations by Madeleine Lemaire, preface by Anatole France, and four piano works by Reynaldo Hahn) (1896)
Non-fiction
- Pastiches, or The Lemoine Affair (Pastiches et mélanges – a collection) (1919)
- Against Sainte-Beuve (Contre Sainte-Beuve: suivi de Nouveaux mélanges) (published posthumously 1954)
What’s immiseration thesis? （ChatGPT, 2024-7-1)
The **immiseration thesis** is a concept derived from the writings of Karl Marx, particularly from his critique of capitalism. It suggests that under capitalist systems, the conditions of the working class will progressively deteriorate over time, leading to increasing levels of poverty and hardship. Here are the key aspects of the immiseration thesis:
### Key Points of the Immiseration Thesis
1. **Economic Exploitation:**
- **Surplus Value:** Marx argued that capitalism relies on the exploitation of labor. Capitalists extract surplus value from workers by paying them less than the value of what they produce. This exploitation is fundamental to the accumulation of capital.
- **Wages and Profits:** As capitalists seek to maximize profits, they will try to minimize wages and extend working hours, thereby worsening the economic conditions of workers.
2. **Technological Advancement and Labor:**
- **Automation and Mechanization:** Technological progress in capitalism leads to increased mechanization and automation. While this can increase productivity, it often results in job displacement and higher unemployment, further impoverishing workers.
- **Deskilling:** The introduction of new technologies can lead to the deskilling of labor, reducing the bargaining power of workers and pushing wages downward.
3. **Concentration of Capital:**
- **Centralization:** Over time, wealth and capital become increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few large capitalists or corporations. This concentration of capital exacerbates inequality, as the rich get richer while the working class struggles.
- **Monopolies and Oligopolies:** The formation of monopolies and oligopolies can lead to higher prices for consumers and lower wages for workers, contributing to their economic distress.
4. **Cyclical Crises:**
- **Economic Crises:** Marx believed that capitalism is prone to periodic economic crises due to overproduction, underconsumption, and other systemic contradictions. These crises lead to unemployment, reduced wages, and increased poverty among the working class.
- **Boom and Bust Cycles:** The cyclical nature of capitalist economies, with phases of boom and bust, can create periods of severe economic hardship for workers, furthering their immiseration.
5. **Social and Political Consequences:**
- **Class Struggle:** The worsening conditions of the working class would intensify class struggle. Marx predicted that the immiseration of the proletariat would eventually lead to greater class consciousness and revolutionary potential.
- **Revolutionary Change:** Marx argued that the increasing immiseration of the working class would ultimately result in a proletarian revolution, overthrowing the capitalist system and establishing a classless, socialist society.
### Criticisms and Revisions
1. **Empirical Evidence:**
- Critics argue that empirical evidence does not consistently support the immiseration thesis. In many capitalist countries, the standard of living for workers has improved over time due to various factors such as labor unions, social welfare programs, and regulatory interventions.
2. **Welfare State:**
- The development of the welfare state in many capitalist countries has provided safety nets for the working class, mitigating some of the worst aspects of immiseration predicted by Marx.
3. **Globalization:**
- Globalization has led to complex economic dynamics, with some workers in developed countries experiencing immiseration while others in developing countries see improvements in their living standards due to industrialization and economic growth.
4. **Technological Impact:**
- While technology can displace jobs, it can also create new industries and employment opportunities, challenging the straightforward notion of technological progress leading to immiseration.
### Conclusion
The immiseration thesis posits that under capitalism, the working class will experience progressively worsening economic conditions due to exploitation, technological advancements, concentration of capital, and cyclical crises. While Marx's predictions have been influential in critiquing capitalism, the thesis has faced significant criticism and revision based on empirical evidence and the evolving nature of capitalist economies. The actual experiences of the working class vary widely depending on a range of factors, including government policies, labor movements, and global economic trends.
攝大乘論 (Mahāyāna-samgraha)
攝大乘論 (梵語：Mahāyāna-samgraha)，簡稱《攝論》。印度無著菩薩所造，是對《阿毘達磨大乘經·攝大乘品》的詮釋。此論是大乘佛教瑜伽行唯識學派最為重要的論典之一。印度無著撰，梵本已佚。
本論分為十一品，第一品為序品，其他十品詮釋了「十相殊勝殊勝語」：
- 總摽綱要分
- 所知依分：阿賴耶識，說名所知依體。
- 所知相分：三種自性，一依他起自性，二遍計所執自性，三圓成實自性，說名所知相體。
- 入所知相分：唯識性，說名入所知相體。
- 彼入因果分第五：六波羅蜜多，說名彼入因果體。
- 彼修差別分：菩薩十地，說名彼因果修差別體。
- 增上戒學分：菩薩律儀，說名此中增上戒體。
- 增上心學分：首楞伽摩、虛空藏等諸三摩地，說名此中增上心體。
- 增上慧學分：無分別智，說名此中增上慧體。
- 彼果斷分 ：無住涅槃，說名彼果斷體。
- 彼果智分：三種佛身，一自性身，二受用身，三變化身，說名彼果智體。
《攝大乘論》的內容阿賴耶識為起點，而後導入唯識的三自性說，即依他起性、遍計所執性、圓成實性。再藉由阿賴耶識與三自性為基石，切入至佛學的其他觀念，如六波羅蜜多、菩薩十地、戒、定、慧、涅槃等。無著在此論內對於阿賴耶識有詳細的解說。
http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/sutra/chi_pdf/sutra14/T31n1594.pdf
起因是 William Waldron (2003) 論阿賴耶識，終于攝論第二品，
Chap 14: Our Cosmic Inheritance (negativity vs vitality)
From the creation of all matter 13.8 billion years ago, to the formation of the Milky Way Galaxy some 12 billion years ago, the birth of the Sun and Solar System 4.6 billion years ago, the emergence of microbial life on Earth 3.5 billion years ago, the evolution of complex creatures 500 million years ago, the beginning of life on land 300 million years ago, the reign of dinosaurs which began 240 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago, and the rise of hominids just a few million years ago. (Astronomy: A Beginner's Guide, by William H. Waller. 2022, Chap 14)
Where Your Elements Came From
https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap171024.html
Explanation: The hydrogen in your body, present in every molecule of water, came from the Big Bang. There are no other appreciable sources of hydrogen in the universe. The carbon in your body was made by nuclear fusion in the interior of stars, as was the oxygen. Much of the iron in your body was made during supernovas of stars that occurred long ago and far away. The gold in your jewelry was likely made from neutron stars during collisions that may have been visible as short-duration gamma-ray bursts or gravitational wave events. Elements like phosphorus and copper are present in our bodies in only small amounts but are essential to the functioning of all known life. The featured periodic table is color coded to indicate humanity's best guess as to the nuclear origin of all known elements. The sites of nuclear creation of some elements, such as copper, are not really well known and are continuing topics of observational and computational research.
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