意思是說，如果你覺得，更新世太冷，太遙不可及，那你至少要回到，全新世初期三千年，破銅爛鐵時代之前，才可能自由，那是史前時代，沒有文字，頂多道聽途說，口耳相傳，有點鬼哭狼嚎的原史的味道，意思是說，那時，沒有知識，沒有文化，的包袱，意思是說，那時，活得自然，死得自然，意思是說，我希望，能聽聽看，那時的笑聲和哭聲，
舊石器時代（英語：Paleolithic age）是石器時代的早期階段，一般劃定此時期為距今約260萬年[1]或250萬年[2]（能人首次製造出石器）至1.2萬年前[3][4]（細石器開始普及），地質時代屬於上新世晚期至更新世。其時期劃分一般採用三分法，即舊石器時代早期、中期和晚期，大體上分別對應於人類體質進化的能人和直立人階段、早期智人階段、晚期智人階段。舊石器時代之後為中石器時代[5]。
舊石器時代的人類通常以原始族群的形式聚居在一起，並通過收集植物和獵取野生動物維生[6]。儘管在此時代內人類也使用木質和骨質工具，但舊石器時代的典型標誌是使用了藉由敲打石頭製成的石質工具。儘管其他材料，如皮革、植物纖維等亦適合製成工具使用，但由於其性質使然，此類材料未能有更廣泛的應用。在舊石器時代期間，人類在早期的能人和智人基礎上向解剖學意義上的現代人大幅度進化。[7]在舊石器時代後期(特別是中晚期)，人類開始了最早的藝術創作，並開始涉足宗教、精神領域，如葬禮和儀式。[6][8][9][10]
3.3 million years - 300000 years ago
舊石器時代早期
The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. It spans the time from around 3.3 million years ago when the first evidence for stone tool production and use by hominins appears in the current archaeological record,[1] until around 300,000 years ago, spanning the Oldowan ("mode 1") and Acheulean ("mode 2") lithics industries.
In African archaeology, the time period roughly corresponds to the Early Stone Age, the earliest finds dating back to 3.3 million years ago, with Lomekwian stone tool technology, spanning Mode 1 stone tool technology, which begins roughly 2.6 million years ago and ends between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago, with Mode 2 technology.[1][2][3]
The Middle Paleolithic followed the Lower Paleolithic and recorded the appearance of the more advanced prepared-core tool-making technologies such as the Mousterian. Whether the earliest control of fire by hominins dates to the Lower or to the Middle Paleolithic remains an open question.[4]
300000 - 50000 years ago
舊石器時代中期
The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. The term Middle Stone Age is used as an equivalent or a synonym for the Middle Paleolithic in African archeology.[1] The Middle Paleolithic broadly spanned from 300,000 to 50,000 years ago. There are considerable dating differences between regions. The Middle Paleolithic was succeeded by the Upper Paleolithic subdivision which first began between 50,000 and 40,000 years ago.[1] Pettit and White date the Early Middle Paleolithic in Great Britain to about 325,000 to 180,000 years ago (late Marine Isotope Stage 9 to late Marine Isotope Stage 7), and the Late Middle Paleolithic as about 60,000 to 35,000 years ago.[2] The Middle Paleolithic was in the geological Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) and Late Pleistocene ages.
According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans, anatomically modern humans began migrating out of Africa during the Middle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic around 125,000 years ago and began to replace earlier pre-existent Homospecies such as the Neanderthals and Homo erectus.
50000 - 12000 years ago
舊石器時代晚期
The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), according to some theories coinciding with the appearance of behavioral modernity in early modern humans,[1] until the advent of the Neolithic Revolution and agriculture.
Anatomically modern humans (i.e. Homo sapiens) are believed to have emerged in Africa around 300,000 years ago. It has been argued by some that their ways of life changed relatively little from that of archaic humans of the Middle Paleolithic,[2] until about 50,000 years ago, when there was a marked increase in the diversity of artefactsfound associated with modern human remains. This period coincides with the most common date assigned to expansion of modern humans from Africa throughout Asia and Eurasia, which contributed to the extinction of the Neanderthals.
The Upper Paleolithic has the earliest known evidence of organized settlements, in the form of campsites, some with storage pits. Artistic work blossomed, with cave painting, petroglyphs, carvings and engravings on bone or ivory. The first evidence of human fishing is also found, from artefacts in places such as Blombos cave in South Africa. More complex social groupings emerged, supported by more varied and reliable food sources and specialized tool types. This probably contributed to increasing group identification or ethnicity.[3]
The peopling of Australia most likely took place before c. 60 ka. Europe was peopled after c. 45 ka. Anatomically modern humans are known to have expanded northward into Siberia as far as the 58th parallel by about 45 ka (Ust'-Ishim man). The Upper Paleolithic is divided by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), from about 25 to 15 ka. The peopling of the Americas occurred during this time, with East and Central Asia populations reaching the Bering land bridge after about 35 ka, and expanding into the Americas by about 15 ka. In Western Eurasia, the Paleolithic eases into the so-called Epipaleolithic or Mesolithic from the end of the LGM, beginning 15 ka. The Holocene glacial retreat begins 11.7 ka (10th millennium BC), falling well into the Old World Epipaleolithic, and marking the beginning of the earliest forms of farming in the Fertile Crescent.
中石器時代（Mesolithic）又稱作細石器時代，是位於舊石器時代和新石器時代之間的年代，始於約一萬年前更新世晚期末次冰盛期消退，結束於全新世早期人類開始長期大規模定居導致農業和牧業的出現（新石器革命）。
(末次冰盛期（英語：Last Glacial Maximum，縮寫為LGM），又譯末次巔冰期，是指末次冰期中氣候最為寒冷、冰川規模達到最大的時期，距今約2.65至1.9～2萬年。[1]在這一時期，末次冰期達到極盛，北歐大部、北美北部以及北亞的一部分均被大陸冰蓋覆蓋。末次冰盛期對地球氣候產生了深遠的影響，引發了乾旱、沙漠化以及海平面的大幅下降。)
15000 - 5000 years ago
The Mesolithic (Greek: μέσος, mesos 'middle' + λίθος, lithos 'stone') or Middle Stone Age is the Old World archaeological period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic. The term Epipaleolithic is often used synonymously, especially for outside northern Europe, and for the corresponding period in the Levant and Caucasus. The Mesolithic has different time spans in different parts of Eurasia. It refers to the final period of hunter-gatherer cultures in Europe and the Middle East, between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution. In Europe it spans roughly 15,000 to 5,000 BP; in the Middle East (the Epipalaeolithic Near East) roughly 20,000 to 10,000 BP. The term is less used of areas farther east, and not at all beyond Eurasia and North Africa.
The type of culture associated with the Mesolithic varies between areas, but it is associated with a decline in the group hunting of large animals in favour of a broader hunter-gatherer way of life, and the development of more sophisticated and typically smaller lithic tools and weapons than the heavy-chipped equivalents typical of the Paleolithic. Depending on the region, some use of pottery and textiles may be found in sites allocated to the Mesolithic, but generally indications of agriculture are taken as marking transition into the Neolithic. The more permanent settlements tend to be close to the sea or inland waters offering a good supply of food. Mesolithic societies are not seen as very complex, and burials are fairly simple; in contrast, grandiose burial mounds are a mark of the Neolithic.
新石器時代（Neolithic），在考古學上是石器時代的最後一個階段，以磨製石器和製作陶器為主，大約從1萬年前開始，結束時間從距今7,000多年至2,000多年不等。雖然，在有些地區，如中美洲，在西元後仍停留在新石器時代，不過那些地區還是有高度文明的出現，如馬雅文化。
新石器時代結束後，人類進入紅銅時代（金屬器時代的最早期），也開始進入信史時代。
(信史在漢字文化中，原來指記事詳實的歷史，其原意為可信的歷史紀錄，現在也常作為英文 recorded history 的中文譯文，泛指文字或符號的記載歷史，也即書面歷史；是為與史前時代相對的概念。信史時代又稱歷史時代，則是指人類用文字記錄歷史的時代。)
(銅石並用時代又稱紅銅時代、金石並用時代[1]，新石器時代和青銅時代之間的過渡性時期，在該時期主要的工具和武器仍然是石器，但同時出現了少量紅銅器（天然銅器）。
紅銅即天然銅，質地軟，不適合製造工具，所以紅銅時代的人類仍以使用石器為主。很快地，人們開始發現當紅銅與錫或其他金屬混合之後，金屬會變得更好用，從而進展到青銅時代。這個過程很多時都很快，所以很難具體的界定紅銅時代與其他時代的分野。
美索不達米亞、高加索地區、伊朗、印度河谷等地最先在公元前5千年後期到前4千年左右進入紅銅時代，歷時約1000年，與公元前3000年前後才進入青銅時代初期。在歐洲，沒有發生過類似的紅銅時代，而是直接在公元前3000年左右進入青銅時代，與中東地區基本一致。埃及和西班牙進入青銅時代的時間最早，在公元前3200年。另外，中美洲在公元7世紀亦獨立的發現了冶金術，但沒有經過紅銅時代。)
12000 - 4000/6500 years ago
The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέοςnéos 'new' and λίθος líthos 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several parts of the world. This "Neolithic package" included the introduction of farming, domestication of animals, and change from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to one of settlement. The term 'Neolithic' was coined by Sir John Lubbock in 1865 as a refinement of the three-age system.[1]
The Neolithic began about 12,000 years ago when farming appeared in the Epipalaeolithic Near East, and later in other parts of the world. It lasted in the Near East until the transitional period of the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) from about 6,500 years ago (4500 BCE), marked by the development of metallurgy, leading up to the Bronze Age and Iron Age.
In other places, the Neolithic followed the Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) and then lasted until later. In Ancient Egypt, the Neolithic lasted until the Protodynastic period, c. 3150 BCE.[2][3][4]In China, it lasted until circa 2000 BCE with the rise of the pre-Shang Erlitou culture,[5] and in Scandinavia, the Neolithic lasted until about 2000 BCE.[6][7][8]
銅石並用時代 Chalcolithic
The Chalcolithic (also called the Copper Age and Eneolithic)[a] was an archaeological periodcharacterized by the increasing use of smelted copper. It followed the Neolithic and preceded the Bronze Age. It occurred at different periods in different areas, but was absent in some parts of the world, such as Russia, where there was no well-defined Copper Age between the Stone and Bronze ages.[1] Stone tools were still predominantly used during this period.[2]
The archaeological site of Belovode, on Rudnik mountain in Serbia, has the world's oldest securely dated evidence of copper smelting at high temperature, from c. 5,000 BC .[3] The transition from Copper Age to Bronze Age in Europe occurred between the late 5th and the late 3rd millennium BC. In the Ancient Near East the Copper Age covered about the same period, beginning in the late 5th millennium BC and lasting for about a millennium before it gave rise to the Early Bronze Age.[4]
(青銅時代（Bronze Age），又稱青銅器時代、青銅文明，在考古學上是以使用青銅器為標誌的人類文化發展的一個階段。
青銅是紅銅和錫或鉛的合金，因為其氧化物顏色青灰，故名青銅。由於青銅的熔點比較低，約為800℃；而硬度高，為銅或錫的2倍多，所以容易融化和鑄造成型。青銅時代初期，青銅器具比重較小，甚或以石器為主，進入中後期，比重逐步增加。自有了青銅器和隨之的增加，農業和手工業的生產力水平提高，物質生活條件也漸漸豐富。青銅鑄造術的發明，與石器時代相比，起了劃時代的作用。
青銅時代是在三時代系統中的第二時期，三時代系統是丹麥考古學家克里斯蒂安·於恩森·湯姆森在1836年時所提出，共分為石器時代、青銅器時代與鐵器時代。) （Christian Jürgensen Thomsen 1788-1865）
3300 - 1200 years BC
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting from approximately 3300 BC to 1200 BC. It is characterized by the use of bronze, the use of writing in some areas, and other features of early urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age system proposed in 1836 by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen for classifying and studying ancient societies and history. It is also considered the second phase of three, in the Metal Ages.[1]
(鐵器時代是考古學上繼青銅時代之後的一個人類社會發展時代。這是實際上所說的鐵器時代是指的早期階段，在晚期各國都已經進入了有文字記載的文明時代，也就多以各國的朝代來稱呼其時代。當時人們已能冶鐵和製造鐵器作為生產工具。其與之前時代的主要區別在於農業發展，宗教信仰與文化模式。
鐵器時代是在三時代系統中最後的主要時期，三時代系統是丹麥考古學家克里斯蒂安·於恩森·湯姆森在1836年時所提出，共分為石器時代、青銅器時代與鐵器時代[1]。
各地區進入鐵器時代的時間不盡相同，亦難以準確的年份標示，即使同在歐洲，日耳曼地區和羅馬進入鐵器時代的時間亦有所不同。世界上最早進入鐵器時代的是西臺王國，在公元前15世紀已能大量煉鐵，而近年考古發現的證據顯示其鐵器的生產至少可以追溯到公元前20世紀[2]。中國在春秋末期（公元前五世紀），大部分地區已使用鐵器。在美洲及大洋洲的鐵器時代並不是發展自青銅器時代，因為鐵的運用是由歐洲探險家傳入的。)
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Copper and Bronze Ages.[1] It has also been considered as the final Age of the three-age division starting with prehistory(before recorded history) and progressing to protohistory (before written history). In this usage, it is preceded by the Stone Age(subdivided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic) and Bronze Age.
The concept of the Iron Age ending with the beginning of the written historiographical record has not generalized well, as written language and steel use have developed at different times in different areas across the archaeological record. For instance, in China, written history started before iron smelting began, so the term is used infrequently for the archaeology of China. For the Ancient Near East, the establishment of the Achaemenid Empire c. 550 BC is used traditionally and still usually as an end date; later dates are considered historical by virtue of the record by Herodotus despite considerable written records now being known from well back into the Bronze Age. In Central and Western Europe, the Roman conquests of the 1st century BC serve as marking the end of the Iron Age. The Germanic Iron Age of Scandinavia is considered to end c. AD 800, with the beginning of the Viking Age.
（三時代系統，或稱三期論，是一種歷史分期方法，是根據人類製作工具用的材料，將人類的歷史分為石器時代、青銅器時代和鐵器時代三個時期。三期論廣泛應用於歷史學、考古學中，可以為史前和原史時期的遺物排出相對年代，最初由克里斯蒂安·於恩森·湯姆森在19世紀提出。湯姆森曾任丹麥皇家北方古物博物館館長，他最開始用這個方法是來給博物館的石製、青銅製和鐵製藏品分類的。
三期論在十九世紀末的晚清就已傳入中國，至20世紀初年已成為人人皆知的常識。[1]
湯姆森提出三期論後不久，1865年，約翰·盧伯克又將石器時細分為舊石器時代、中石器時代和新石器時代[2]。石器、青銅器、鐵器的分期，很好地反映了歐洲和中東地區的歷史文化背景，但並不是所有人類社會都是這樣發展的，有的社會一直停留在石器時代直到今天，有的甚至跳過了青銅直接煉鐵[3]。）
The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory (with some overlap into the historical periods in a few regions) into three time-periods: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age,[1][2] although the concept may also refer to other tripartite divisions of historic time periods. In history, archaeology and physical anthropology, the three-age system is a methodological concept adopted during the 19th century according to which artefacts and events of late prehistory and early history could be broadly ordered into a recognizable chronology. C. J. Thomsen initially developed this categorization in the period 1816 to 1825, as a result of classifying the collection of an archaeological exhibition chronologically – there resulted broad sequences with artefacts made successively of stone, bronze, and iron.
金屬時代
The Metal Ages is a term for the period of human civilization beginning about 6,000 years ago during which metallurgy rapidly advanced, and human populations started using metals such as copper, tin, bronze and finally iron to make tools and weapons. By heating and shaping metals in hot furnaces, people also learned to use precious metals such as gold and silver to make intricate ornaments.[1][2]
With these technological adaptions, human society became more productive and human settlements became larger and more prosperous, but also more violent.[3] The Metal Ages are divided into three stages: the Copper Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.[1][2]
