These ponderings attempt to let themselves be appropriated by the event. (Beiträge zur Philosophie (Vom Ereignis), Martin Heidegger, 1936–38/1989)
Friday, February 9, 2024
Michael Allen Gillespie (b 1951) (Negativity vs Vitality) (Nihilism)
2/9/24 (星期五) (除夕正宜除習) (Negativity vs Vitality)
Thursday, February 8, 2024
European Nihilism (Negativity vs Vitality)
https://cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-5275-0880-4
https://www.amazon.com/-/zh_TW/Karl-L%C3%B6with/dp/0231084072
https://doc.rero.ch/record/292994/files/S1062798714000040.pdf
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14690760008406940
https://philarchive.org/rec/FERNLH
https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/european-union-nihilism/
尼采的遺稿 有二十五種書寫構想 但是以下四個主題 重複出現 可見其在尼采心目中的重要性
這些遺稿 迄今未出版 勉強出了一本 Will to Power 編輯很有問題 讓人很不滿意
尼采心目中的虛無主義 是歐洲十九世紀末的虛無 他似乎沒有讀過馬克思 他指的虛無 是針對基督教的信仰和道德的傳統而言 沒有社會經濟政治學意涵
這點讓人很失望 因為這個虛無 變成一個稻草人
意思是說 我們所面對的虛無 恐怕不只是歐洲的 基督教的
尼采說他預見了 接下來兩個世紀
這個預見 顯然有其不足
回到這四個 重複出現的主題
如何克服 (overcome) 虛無
如何禮讚生命 (affirmation of life)
尼采的藥方是 will to power, amor fati, eternal return,
基本上 這是酒神戴歐尼修斯 (Dionysus) 的處方
意思是說 舉杯對影成三人 杯底不要養金魚
Nachlass (遺稿)(negativity vs vitality) (nihilism) (Nietzsche)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachlass
a Germanword, used in academia to describe the collection of manuscripts, notes, correspondence, and so on left behind when a scholar dies. The word is a compound in German: nach means "after", and the verb lassen means "to leave".
Max Stirner (1806-1856) (negativity vs vitality)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Stirner
a German post-Hegelian philosopher, dealing mainly with the Hegelian notion of social alienation and self-consciousness.[3] Stirner is often seen as one of the forerunners of nihilism, existentialism, psychoanalytic theory, postmodernismand individualist anarchism.[4][5]
如何讓系統辨識不出你是什麼玩意
Negativity vs Vitality
唯其大空,方証大有,唯其虛無,方臻信念,意思是說,唯其親歷毀滅,方可來到湖邊,意思是說,生大於死,這四個字,是杜斯妥耶夫斯基,在西伯利亞,永凍荒原,好不容易,「凍」出來的,
Négritude
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude
Négritude (from French "Nègre" and "-itude" to denote a condition that can be translated as "Blackness") is a framework of critique and literary theory, mainly developed by francophone intellectuals, writers, and politicians in the African diaspora during the 1930s, aimed at raising and cultivating "Black consciousness" across Africa and its diaspora. Négritude gathers writers such as sisters Paulette and Jeanne Nardal (known for having laid the theoretical basis of the movement),[1] Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, Abdoulaye Sadji, Léopold Sédar Senghor (the first President of Senegal), and Léon Damas of French Guiana. Négritude intellectuals disavowed colonialism, racism and Eurocentrism. They promoted African culture within a framework of persistent Franco-African ties.[2] The intellectuals employed Marxist political philosophy, in the Black radical tradition.[3] The writers drew heavily on a surrealist literary style, and some say they were also influenced somewhat by the Surrealist stylistics, and in their work often explored the experience of diasporic being, asserting one's self and identity, and ideas of home, home-going and belonging.
Négritude inspired the birth of many movements across the Afro-Diasporic world, including Afro-Surrealism, Créolité in the Caribbean, and black is beautiful in the United States. Frantz Fanon often made reference to Négritude in his writing.[4]
The Marx Brothers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_Brothers
The Marx Brothers were an American family comedy act that was successful in vaudeville, on Broadway, and in 14 motion pictures from 1905 to 1949.
Wednesday, February 7, 2024
Nihilism (Negativity vs Vitality)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism#Heideggerian_interpretation_of_Nietzsche
Nihilism: The Philosophy of Nothingness (James Biser Whisker, 2021)
The Self-Overcoming of Nihilism (Keiji Nishitani, 1990)
Reginster identifies overcoming nihilism as a central objective of Nietzsche's philosophical project, and shows how this concern systematically animates all of his main ideas. In particular, Reginster's work develops an original and elegant interpretation of the will to power, which convincingly explains how Nietzsche uses this doctrine to mount a critique of the dominant Christian values, to overcome the nihilistic despair they produce, and to determine the conditions of a new affirmation of life. Thus, Reginster attributes to Nietzsche a compelling substantive ethical outlook based on the notions of challenge and creativity--an outlook that involves a radical reevaluation of the role and significance of suffering in human existence.
Replete with deeply original insights on many familiar--and frequently misunderstood--Nietzschean concepts, Reginster's book will be essential to anyone approaching this towering figure of Western intellectual history.
Eros: Beyond the Death Drive (Rosaura Martínez Ruiz, 2021)
Unexpected Antecedents to the Concept of the Death Drive A Return to the Beginnings (2019) (negativity vs vitality)
https://www.cairn.info/revue-recherches-en-psychanalyse-2019-2-page-93a.html
What is now holding sway in the superego is, as it were, a pure culture of the death instinct, and in fact it often enough succeeds in driving the ego into death, if the latter does not fend off its tyrant in time by the change round into mania. —Sigmund Freud
意思是說,除非我們承受得住悲傷,manic defense,狂亂乖張伊於胡底的盲動,就是我們面對死亡趨力的唯一可能,意思是說,既然我們罕見承受得住悲傷,manic defense,狂亂乖張伊於胡底的盲動,就是我們的人生寫照,
Dualism vs Non dualism (Negativity vs Vitality)
Dualism,兩分法,splitting,「一 vs 二」的世界,實屬學習初級階段,人卻以為,能夠拆解世界,將之一分為二,就是高級思考,
Non dualism,非兩分法,進入「大於等於三」的世界,這個世界,友,敵,非友非敵 (ie. 陌生人),先友後敵,先敵後友,敵友非恆態,敵友難分,意思是說,兩分法,是一個井井有條 (orderly),沒有背叛,沒有兩難,不需懺悔,不需寬恕的世界,非兩分法,則是一個,處處都模稜兩可 (ambiguous),讓人捨不得,又放不下的世界,
小結,兩分法,是一個,簡單粗暴,但是清晰完美的分類,非兩分法,是一個,糨糊邏輯,明顯腦筋不清楚的分類,前者,就是邊緣性人格構造 (BPO,borderline personality organization) 的思惟,就是文革挑起無盡互鬥的機制,後者,就是風塵僕僕的中年人,微笑看待,大千世界,云云眾生,和自己窩囊的一生,
Tuesday, February 6, 2024
Hylomorphism (形質論)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylomorphism
Hylomorphism is a philosophical doctrine developed by the Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, which conceives every physical entity or being (ousia) as a compound of matter (potency) and immaterial form (act), with the generic form as immanently real within the individual.[1]
Hylozoism (物活論)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylozoism
Hylozoism is the philosophical doctrine according to which all matter is alive or animated,[1] either in itself or as participating in the action of a superior principle, usually the world-soul (anima mundi).[2] The theory holds that matter is unified with life or spiritual activity.[3] The word is a 17th-century term formed from the Greek words ὕλη (hyle: "wood, matter") and ζωή (zoē: "life"), which was coined by the English Platonist philosopher Ralph Cudworth in 1678.
投奔自由反共義士韓國瑜帶領國民黨反攻大陸消滅共匪
Substance vs Non substantial (negativity vs vitality)
非實體 ~ 因緣而起,和合而生,佛學,selfobject,場論,non dualism,rhizome,烏合之眾,碎片,隨機即興的,爵士樂,非理性的,譫妄的,瘋狂的,強調歷程 (process),強調意外,不排斥失控,
實體 ~ 獨立孤懸,不假他求,individualism,collectivism (集「體」主義的大我,本質上仍為實體),self,dualism (主客體兩分是 dualism 前提,意思是說,dualism 理應只是詐現,卻喧賓奪主),tree,組織,系統,有計劃的,古典音樂,理性的,節制的,有秩序的,強調結構 (structure),強調預期,強調控制,
Monday, February 5, 2024
自由 (negativity vs vitality)
你要理解,自由是自制自決,不是肆意放縱,什麼都無所謂,意思是說,佛洛姆說,Escape From Freedom ,此言不虛,意思是說,忍受不了自由,空曠無人,所以甘為奴隸,相濡以沫,意思是說,起碼那樣,互相磨蹭,似乎,還有一點確定,還有一點安全,甚者往往,投奔意識型態 (ideology),抹滅小我,溶入大我,大我,就是共匪,霍霍有名的絞肉機,意思是說,被絞肉機捲進去的時候,你幾乎 (被)肯定,你是神聖的,你的存在是有意義的,這就是 Zizek 說的,The Sublime Object of Ideology,以上說明,生機力動 (vitality),就是禮讚生命,就是自由,就是「忍受得住自由」,忍受得住,即使沒有,所謂終極的意義,all is well,一切都還好,也不要緊,以致,不至於飛蛾撲火,投奔意識型態,而意識型態,就是徹徹底底的,人為造作,就是比生命大 (larger than life),就是否定生命 (negativity),意思是說,negativity 就是 true believer (Eric Hoffer),vitality 就是 true skeptical,就是喜歡調侃自己的那種 true comic,
整个鲁镇都洋溢着乐观向上的氛围
Sunday, February 4, 2024
While My Guitar Gently Weeps (The Beatles, 1968)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps
https://youtu.be/bI8P6ZSHSvE?si=6pDJs7LK_BEHZ_Ap
“While My Guitar Gently Weeps" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as "the White Album"). It was written by George Harrison, the band's lead guitarist. Harrison wrote "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" as an exercise in randomness inspired by the Chinese I Ching. The song conveys his dismay at the world's unrealised potential for universal love, which he refers to as "the love there that's sleeping".
George Harrison (1943-2001)
Lowell Bergman (b 1945)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Bergman
While working as a graduate fellow under Marcuse, Lowell Bergman (who three decades later was portrayed by Al Pacino in the film The Insider[50]) served as a “de facto bodyguard” for the philosopher during a period when Marcuse was regularly receiving threats of physical violence.[51][52]
Gianni Vattimo (1936−2023)
https://sunypress.edu/Books/W/Weak-Thought
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803121433242
Weak Thought (Weak Ontology)
A label applied to the work of Italian philosopher Gianni Vattimo. Although Vattimo adopted this description of his thought, his own term for what he is trying to do in his work is in fact ‘weak ontology’. He derives the idea of a weak ontology from his reading of Martin Heidegger and Heidegger's student Hans-Georg Gadamer, whose key work he translated into Italian. On Vattimo's reading of Heidegger there is a profound separation between language and reality; language on this view can at best convey an interpretation of reality, but never the thing itself. Hence it is a ‘weak’ not ‘strong’ ontology. But in contrast to a number of other philosophers in the postmodern anti-foundation tradition, Vattimo does not interpret this state of being as a crisis for metaphysics. He sees it rather as a challenge to develop a more rigorous process of interpretation.
6:11 AM (2/4/24) (星期日)
Saturday, February 3, 2024
2/3/24 (星期六)(福德身心診所)
1/28 開幕後,電路工程,足足,忙了三天,直到 1/31,才運作無礙,意思是說,過去三天,近四月奔波,才吿一段落,這時,遂點起紙菸,「想像」,看著(空曠無人的)窗外,意思是說,我不介意,反倒珍惜,此刻,空曠無人,
Being Shaken: Ontology and the Event (ed. Michael Marder, Santiago Zabala, 2014) (negativity vs vitality) (1130330) (存在治療)
這本書,是存在治療的生命哲學,注意其中諸作者,這些人,都是我們蜉蝣人生的 fellow travelers ,
Philosophy for Passengers (Michael Marder, 2022) (negativity vs vitality)
Passenger 是途經者,路過者,比如說,Jack Reacher,但是,Reacher 並沒有,非要去哪不可,事實上,他根本不知,下一站在哪,意思是說,Reacher 是一個「在混沌邊緣的移動者」,他的人生,是用咖啡,一杯接一杯,做記錄的,我們每個人,都有自己喜歡的計算方式,比如說,宮本武藏,活了五十歲,洗過一次澡,毛澤東文革十年,殺兩千萬,殘害兩億,打兩千炮,另,Michael Marder 離開了形上學,才開始旅行,意思是說,自認擁有形上學者,閉門造車,抱殘守缺,歲月靜好,不必旅行,
Friday, February 2, 2024
Eugene W. Holland
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eugene-Holland
https://youtu.be/xEwNIpaarPI?si=RK4MMneHjXMZQsCq
Eugene W. Holland recently retired from the Department of Comparative Studies, The Ohio State University. Eugene does research in Social Theory and Social and Political Philosophy. Their current project is 'Perversions of the Market: Sadism and Masochism as cultural logics of Western Capitalism'.
Consciousness Is a Continuum, and Scientists Are Starting to Measure It
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/consciousness-is-a-continuum-and-scientists-are-starting-to-measure-it/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=mind&utm_content=link&utm_term=2024-02-01_featured-this-week
存在無法治療 (1130330) (存在治療)
Thursday, February 1, 2024
2/1/24 (星期四) (福德身心診所)
Wednesday, January 31, 2024
生大于死 (Negativity vs Vitality) (存在治療)
入楞伽經 (Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A5%9E%E4%BC%BD%E7%B6%93
https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/T0672_001
not sure why D. T. Suzuki emphasized this one.
恆大歌舞團 (存在治療) (1130330) (Negativity vs Vitality)
多少才夠 (福德身心診所)
Tuesday, January 30, 2024
Self vs Subject (存在治療) (1130330)
1130130
自體 (self),主體 (subject),怎麼說明,兩者差別?
自體是心理學的概念,這裡,心理學包括,發展心理學,社會心理學,文化心理學。
主體是哲學的概念,這裡,哲學包括,本體論,倫理學,美學。
精神分析,獨樹一幟,跨心理學和哲學。
意思是說,精神分析,理應跨自體和主體,但是正常的精神分析,頂多只能處理自體,處理主體,則力有未逮,或無心為之。
拉岡是不正常的精神分析。正常的精神分析,偶有一閃而過的概念,與主體有關,比如說,Bion 的 O,Kohut 的 tragic man,Winnicott 的 transitional object,Klein 對死亡本能的逼視。
意思是說,正常的精神分析師,多半時候正常,但是有時,不甘只是正常。
拉岡則相反,多半時候不正常,以致正常的時候,你會擔心,他是不是不正常。
回到開始,自體的謎,在於怎麼養大一個孩子,成為一個現實難不倒他 (她) 的人。
什麼是,現實難不倒,比如說,楊逵的壓不扁的玫瑰 (1906-1985),比如說,1988 年聲援獄中絕食的弟弟施明德,絕食到死的施明正 (1935-1988)。 https://twnelclub.ning.com/m/blogpost?id=3917868%3ABlogPost%3A38240
意思是說,現實難不倒,讓人悲壯落淚,讓人肅然起敬。意思是說,自體在此,已臻主體。
意思是說,自體的謎,在於怎麼養大一個孩子,成為一個現實難不倒他 (她) 的主體。
意思是說,自體在此,不受心理學侷限,已跨入哲學的世界。
所以,當我們說,「我今天下午要去高雄」,這個我,只不過是,自體作為決定者,行動者。
「者」,只是 agency。
意思是說,低功能的自體疾患,連這句話,都說不出口。當他說,「我今天下午要去高雄」,你就知道,治療已近尾聲。
意思是說,我們祝福他,但其實我們不知道,他今天下午要去高雄,到底要做什麼。
如果他今天下午要去高雄,是要絕食到死,這時,我們不止祝福他,我們要三杯酒,為他送行。
意思是說,值得三杯酒送行的,是主體。
地圖 (subjects) (福德身心診所)
The map is not the territory ,意思是說,正常的完整的巨細無遺的強調景點的 (所謂經典 [canonical] 就是景點,這是為什麼 D&G 只中意minor literature) 地圖,不是領域 (territory),
The idiosyncratically-made map is the terriroty,意思是說,你走過千百回連地上的裂縫和路邊的流浪狗都認識你的地圖,是你的領域,
但是,不要搞錯,你並不擁有領域,
意思是說,你只是另一隻「途經的」流浪狗,
What is the difference between cartography and topography? (Subjects) (福德身心診所)(存在治療) (1130330)
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-cartography-and-topography
Cartography is the science of making maps and reading maps. Cartography lets you know how to make maps based on location, distances, angles, scale, legend, etc… and lets you know how to read maps correctly and know your location or any location by reading the map.
Topography is the study of the shape and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area could refer to the surface shapes and features themselves, or a description.
That means that cartography is part of the topography.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Cartography_or_Topography
Difference Between Topology and Topography
好像去遠足 4:45 AM (1/30/24) (星期二)
Monday, January 29, 2024
陽關三疊 (福德身心診所) (存在治療) (1130330)
[首疊】
清和節當春。
渭城朝雨浥清塵,客舍青青柳色新。
勸君更盡一杯酒,西出陽關無故人。
露夜與霜晨,遄行、遄行。長途越渡關津,惆悵役此身。
歷苦辛、歷苦辛,歷歷苦辛,宜自珍、宜自珍。
【再疊】
渭城朝雨浥清塵,客舍青青柳色新。
勸君更盡一杯酒,西出陽關無故人。
依依顧戀不忍離,淚滴沾巾。
無復相輔仁,感懷、感懷。思君十二時辰,參商各一垠。
誰相因、誰相因,誰可相因,日馳神、日馳神。
「參商各一垠」比喻隔絕在兩地,彼此不得相見。「參」為銀河中位居西方的參星。「商」亦指辰星,是位在東方的商星。「垠」指邊際。
【三疊】
渭城朝雨浥清塵,客舍青青柳色新。
勸君更盡一杯酒,西出陽關無故人。
芳草遍如茵。旨酒、旨酒,未飲心已先醇。
載馳駰、載馳駰,何日言旋軒轔,能酌幾多巡。
千巡有盡,寸衷難泯,無窮的傷感。
【三疊尾韻】
楚天湘水隔遠濱,期早托鴻鱗。
尺素申、尺素申,尺素頻申,如相親、如相親。
噫!從今一別,兩地相思入夢頻。聞雁來賓。
關西休息站 (福德身心診所)
Human Curator: Art in the age of AI (Graham Harman, 2023-5)
時間不多,唯願準確 (福德身心診所)
David Boyle (2024-2-26)
David Boyle
Monday, February 26th 7-9pm GMT on Zoom (SEA)
David Boyle offers an intriguing exploration into the evolving landscape of psychotherapy, enhanced by cutting-edge technologies. Building on his keynote at the SEA Conference 2023, David ventures beyond the traditional confines of real human therapists and real therapy rooms to illuminate the groundbreaking role of AI therapists and Virtual Reality (VR) environments in therapeutic practices.
David will revisit the core insights from his SEA Conference keynote to explore the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and psychotherapy. He'll delve into how these technologies can aid therapists in understanding and assisting their clients more effectively. David will also address AI's ethical considerations and limitations in therapeutic settings, emphasizing the importance of human judgment and empathy in the process.
He'll also introduce the transformative impact of VR in therapy. He'll delve into how VR is not just a tech gimmick but a powerful tool in treating phobias, PTSD, and more.
The presentation aims to give therapists a deeper understanding of VR and AI's capabilities and limitations, encouraging them to consider how AI can be integrated into their practice to enhance the therapeutic experience beyond the constraints of the real world. David's talk invites psychotherapists to engage with new technologies not as a replacement for the human touch in therapy but as complementary tools that can enrich their practice and client outcomes.
David has 20+ years of experience using technology tools in the creative industries. His work has changed the culture and economics of the world’s most prestigious entertainment and luxury brands, including EMI Music, HarperCollins Publishers, BBC, MasterClass and Harrods. David runs Audience Strategies, an agency that helps brands use a deep understanding of their audiences to drive growth.
David co-wrote the PROMPT series of books on how people can practically use language models in their work. He has worked with marketers, CEOs, strategists, market researchers, innovation experts, psychotherapists, screenwriters, songwriters, creative writers, and many more people. And he has trained many of the largest companies in the world on this.
Sunday, January 28, 2024
Rent-seeking (尋租)
Gordon Tullock (1922-2014)
廟 (福德身心診所)
Saturday, January 27, 2024
甚麼是 Vitality (Negativity vs Vitality)
https://youtu.be/qn7Q9xcURMk?si=qf6j5pU3S3aD58fU (台灣)
包子說除了蔡奇王志安慈禧太后周星馳之外黃明志也是龍的傳人
心理治療的定義 (福德身心診所)
怎麼治療工具理性 (福德身心診所)
針對某一概念的分析,經常由探究該概念的必要條件與充分條件開始。以懲罰為例,一個行動如果是真正的懲罰,而不是報復、施虐或恐嚇等,則需要滿足如下的條件:(1)施予處分,(2)由具適當權威的人執行,(3)受罰者感受到痛楚,(4)受罰者實際上曾犯錯。譬如說,一位法官任意對無辜者罰款,則該罰款的處分並非懲罰,因為沒有滿足第四條件。再如,一個竊盜者被路人看到,並被追打,這位路人也不能說是懲罰該竊盜者,因路人並不具適當權威(第二條件)。簡單來說,上述的四個條件,可視為懲罰的必要條件。
此外,這四個條件如果整合在一起運用,則可以視為懲罰的充分條件。也就是說,當某一行動完全符合這四個條件時,可以有充分理由說它是懲罰。但是,對於一個概念的分析,其充分條件通常很難確定,不像必要條件容易掌握。像是「理解」可以作為受過教育的必要條件,但要作為受過教育的充分條件,就不夠充分。因為理解可能是瑣碎或機械式的只知其然,理解的內容也可能是負面的(如知道傷害人的各種方式,縱然這種理解日益複雜,也很難說是教育)。至於上述懲罰的例子,雖然具有該四項條件的結合,仍可以懷疑其作為懲罰的充分條件。譬如說,有位法官在路上遇見並追打一竊盜的人,這行動本身,雖然與上述建議的四項條件完全符合,也不能視其為懲罰,最少還要另加一個條件,即處分必須根據已有的規定或法令,以免行動變相為「私刑」,而不是真的懲罰。
此外,將充分條件與必要條件合併,即成為充分必要條件(Sufficient and Necessary Condition),或簡稱充要條件。充要條件之定義為「有之必然,無之必不然」。即有A一定有B,並且無A則一定無B。也就是說,凡能夠滿足A的條件,一定也能滿足B的條件;而凡不能滿足A的條件,也一定不能滿足B的條件。這時,A實際上等於B。例如,「等邊三角形」與「等角三角形」互為充要條件。
西方哲學自蘇格拉底(Socrates, 470~399 B.C.)以來,喜採「定義」的方式來分析概念或文字的使用規則。當代的教育分析哲學家,在分析特定概念時,也經常由探究該概念的充分條件與必要條件開始。其中,較易達成的是找出概念的邏輯必要條件,又稱作「弱勢定義」(weak sense),即使用另一語詞來表達原概念的必要特徵(參見「必要條件」中懲罰的分析)。另一方面,概念也有「強勢意義」(strong sense)定義,即描述概念的邏輯充分必要條件。然而這種嚴格的定義,僅存在於人為的符號系統如幾何和邏輯中。由於教育之概念對象是日常語言,其分析活動較多從概念的邏輯必要條件,而非充分條件或充分必要條件著手。不過,這種概念分析活動也並不容易找著概念的一個或一組確切的邏輯必要條件。

